Kaugematest riikidest võib nimetada Austraalia, USA, Canada, Malaisia, Egiptus, Iran jt.
Osaleb ICID president Peter Lee
Soomes käsitleti 06-08 juulil järgmisi teemasid.
-Põllumajanduslik maakuivenduse ja keskkonna erinevused põllumajanduspoliitikas (nitraatide kasutamine, rasked metallid)
-Tehnilised lahenduse kemikaalide väljauhtumisel mullast
-Põllumajanduslik veekasutus, meetodid ja tehnoloogiad
Eestis jätkus konverents 9 juulil,
käsitleti teemasid:
-Maaparandus, jõgede korrastamise keskkonnakaitse tehnoloogia kontekstis
-Äärmuslikud ilmastikuolud, kuivendus, üleujutuste ärahoidmine ja maakasutus
10 juulil Eestis ja 11.juulil Soomes toimusid väljasõidud maaparandusobjektidele.
This Proceedings
includes papers and posters presented on 10th International Drainage Workshop
of the International Commision on Irrigation and
Drainage ICID in July 2008 in Finland and Estonia.
The topics of the workshop cover the water
quality of agricultural drainage and the methods to mitigate nutrient leaching.
The challanges that extreme weather conditions pose
to agricultural drainage are also included in the topics. The workshop has six
sessions including the following themes:
- Agricultural drainage and environment in
different farming policies
- Technical solutions to prevent leaching from
agricultural drainage systems
- Agricultural water management, decision
support methods and technology
- Drainage in the context of environmental
river engineering
- Extreme weather conditions, drainage, flood
management and land use
- Drainage, the driver of sustainable
environments
The Proceedings will be available also in www.fincid.fi
Oral presentations
PDF
Session 1
Agricultural drainage and environment in different
farming policies
» Keynote: Eiko Lübbe
Agricultural drainage and
environment in different farming policies
» Eileen J. Kladivko
» Jeff S. Strock
» Jennifer Roper
Influence of tillage on
nitrate-nitrogen leaching in agricultural drainage water
» Ch. Merz
Trace metal behaviour in drained floodplains
» Irene Bondarik
» P. Kovalenko
Reconstruction
and modernization of reclamation systems as a part of agricultural reforms in
Ukraine
» Henk Ritzema
» Sami Myyrä
Farmers and land owners
choices over drainage systems – profit maximisation
and environment
Session 2
Technical solutions to prevent leaching from
agricultural drainage systems
» Keynote: Chandra Madramootoo
Reducing
nutrient loads in agricultural land drainage systems
» Gary R. Sands
Drainage design to achieve
both agronomic and environmental objectives
» Graig Schrader
Minnesota’s
conservation drainage demonstration project
» Masoud Parsinejad
Subirrigation system to improve drainage water quality in Karaj
of IRAN
» Ingrid Wesström
Long-term
effects of tile drainage on soil physical properties and crop yields
» Jane Frankenberger
Drainage
water management impacts on nitrate loss and crop yield in Indiana, USA
» Maija Paasonen-Kivekäs
Nutrient
transport through tile drains on a clayey field
» Kami Kaboosi
The feasibility of rice husk
application as envelope materials in subsurface drainage systems
» H. Ebrahimian Taleshi
Environmental evaluation of
subsurface drainage system in a coastal region of Iran
» Björn Kløve
» Piotr Kowalik
Effect of wastewater
irrigation and drainage on soil properties of sewage fi
elds of Gdansk (Poland)
» Jörg Steidl
Session 3
Agricultural water management, decision support
methods and technology
» Keynote: Wayne Skaggs
Effect of controlled
drainage on water and nitrogen balances in drained lands
» Lassi Warsta
Modeling the hydrological
cycle of a clay soil dominated agricultural field
» Maurits Ertsen
» Bärbel Tiemeyer
Measurements
and modelling of water and solute fluxes in
artificially drained lowland catchments
Session 4
Drainage in the context of environmental river
engineering
» Keynote: Seppo Rekolainen
European
water legislation – how to assess actions to reach the objectives
» Pol Hakstege
Restoration
of contaminated waterways in the Netherlands - a sediment perspective
» Jukka Jormola
Environmentally friendly
drainage practices
Session 5
Extreme weather conditions, drainage, flood management
and land use
» Keynote: Bart Schultz
Extreme weather conditions,
drainage, flood management and land use
» Kittiwet Kuntiyawichai
Delineation
of flood hazards and risk mapping in the Chi River Basin, Thailand
» Johannes Deelstra
Hydrological
processes in small agricultural catchments
» Mikko Huokuna
Flood risk management and
land use planning in changing climate conditions
Session 6
Closing session
» Keynote: Willem F. Vlotman
Drainage, the driver of
sustainable environments
» Session chairpersons
PDF
1.2
» Alakukku, L., Nuutinen,
V.
2.5
» Verdinejad V.R., Sohrabi T., Ebrahimian H., Liaghat A.M., Parsinejad M.
Effects of controlled
drainage on environmental hazards (case study Ran drainage project)
2.7
» Markku Puustinen, Jari Koskiaho
Multipurpose wetlands for
agricultural water protection – guidelines of wetland planning and construction
2.8
» Ashraf El Sayed, M
Fawzy and Hassan Amer
Towards Selection of Wastewater
Treatment Techniques for Rural Areas of Egypt
2.9
» Pertti
Vakkilainen, Laura Alakukku, Merja Myllys, Jyrki Nurminen, Maija
Paasonen-Kivekäs, Markku Puustinen, Rauno Peltomaa and Helena Äijö
Nutrient
load from two drainage systems – a fieldscale
research project on clay soil
3.1
» S. Akram, H.A. Kashkouli and M. Akram
Salinity and water table control
in dry drainage
3.3
» Petra Kahle, Bärbel Tiemeyer, Bernd Lennartz
3.4
» Jari Koskiaho, Sirkka Tattari and Ilona Bärlund
Prospects of Simulating
Agricultural Management Practices in a Rural Catchment in South-western Finland
with SWAT
3.5
» Osvaldo Salazar, Ingrid Wesström,
Mohamed A. Youssef, R. Wayne Skaggs, Abraham Joel
Evaluation of the DRAINMOD-N
II model for predicting nitrogen losses in Southeast Sweden
3.7
» Bärbel Tiemeyer, Bernd Lennartz, Roger Moussa
4.1
» Irina Herzon,
Juha Helenius, Silvia Budaviciute, Tiina Hovi
Ditches for Life or
Biological Importance of Drainage Ditches in Europe
5.1
» Iulian Mihnea
The efect
cauzed by the rain precipitation registrated
in the 2004 – 2007 period
» S. A. Kulkarni, C. B. Dandekar
Advancing Sub Surface
Drainage Technology through Public-Private Partnership in India
Key
Performance Indicators Environment
¨
Water
quantity
¨
Water
quality
¨
Environmental
health
n
Economic
¨
Economic
viability and change in regional wealth
¨
Financial
soundness
¨
Profit
sharing
n
Social
& cultural
¨
Stakeholder
involvement
¨
Safety
issues
¨
Cultural
acceptance
The members
of Scientific Committee were:
Chairman
Pertti Vakkilainen, Helsinki University of Technology, Finland
Co-Chairman
Willem Vlotman, Chairman of ICID WG-DRG, Australia
Members
Bart
Schultz, President Hon. of ICID, The Netherlands
Reinder Feddes, University of Wageningen,
The Netherlands
Sami Bouarfa, CEMAGREF, France
Daniele de Wrachien, University of Milan, Italy
Chandra Madramootoo, McGill University, Canada
Wayne
Skaggs, North Carolina State University, USA
Heydar
Ali Kashkuli, University of Ahwaz, Iran
Felix Reinders, Agricultural Reseach
Council, South Africa
Toomas
Tamm, Estonian University of Life Sciences, Estonia
The
Organising Committee helped with the practical arrangements. The members of
this group were:
Chairman
Pertti Vakkilainen, Chairman of FINCID
Co-Chairman
Mati Tönismäe, Chairman of ESTCID
Secretary
Rauno Peltomaa, FINCID
Technical Summary
The objectives of the
agricultural drainage have been evolved over the years and vary with the
circumstances. The primary
objective is to make
agricultural production possible and profitable.
Agricultural drainage can be
seen as a part of integrated land and water resources management, where
environmental aspects
play an important role. The water quality is as important to farming as the
public opinion and sustainability of farm production. The topics of the
workshop focused on the water quality of agricultural drainage and the methods
to mitigate nutrient and phosphate leaching.
The effects
of extreme weather conditions on agricultural drainage were also included in
the topics. Finally, drainage was placed in the context of the environment,
economic and social/cultural aspects and suggestions were made on how to
proceed with key performance
indicators for sustainable integrated water management, where
drainage is a driver of this sustainability.
Research
Results
Very
interesting field-scale data was presented including conflicting results. What
is good for nitrogen (N) reduction is not for phosphorus (P) reduction.
Multiple solutions were presented. Field research
on drain
spacing and depth, rice husk envelopes, trace elements, bio diversity in re-shaped
drains (brook, stream, river), and formulation of Manning’s ‘n’ for natural streams
were some of the interesting topics presented followed by lively discussions.
One of the main challenges
for the drainage community is to translate the ‘research results’ as
presented in the workshop into ‘design guidelines’. We need to make sure that
we also reach the planners and designers of drainage
systems and get them involved early. It was suggested that
there is a role for the organisers (American Society
of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, ASABE) of the 9th International
Drainage
Symposium,
to be held in Canada in June 2010, to translate the field results into design
guidelines. There were fresh and frank presentations
and discussions on some of the past results with controlled drainage. The effects
of field size on results was analysed, presented and
discussed. Some explanation as regards the movement of water and constituents
such as Nitrates and Phosphorous, if they did not discharge from the controlled
drainage system, was provided. The hypoxia problem (green algae effect) in the
Gulf of Mexico as a
result of water discharge from the Mississippi cannot be solved by controlled drainage
alone but requires a ran pelletsge of concurrent measures such as winter cover crop, catch
cropping, and buffer zones. More attention needs to be paid to describe the
context of the drainage work with respect to current guidelines (those of the
US Environmental Protection Agency or the EU Water Framework Directive) i.e. are
the results indicating excellent, good or bad conditions?
Key
Highlights
Silver
pellets: As mentioned before, it is not necessary to have a
single solution to a problem, and Prof. Wayne Skaggs gave a model to remember
this: there
is no silver bullet that will solve all our problems in a unique fashion;
rather we need to think in terms of many silver pellets. Solving
leaching of N and P through water management is but one of the solutions,
whereas farm, crop and land
use management were shown to be effective measures too; many silver rather
than one silver bullet. Transfer of
knowledge: Another
silver pellet presented was the potential of applying the methods that resulted
in longterm reductions in N and P in the Rhine basin
to the hypoxia problem in the Gulf of Mexico. It was encouraging to see that
the extension service in the US is very much alive and that private
industry is taking an interest in becoming drainage ambassadors {see the
Agricultural Drainage Management Coalition (ADMC), www.admcoalition.com}. It
was also noted that solutions may be explored with other organisations
outside the ICID such as the
UN Water Portal, GWP, etc. We need more results to be
presented as a follow up of implementation of the EU WFD, so that we can
compare and possibly apply those results in other basins outside the
EU. The IDW10 achieved what was expected: networking of professional from across the world.
Innovations: There were
several silver pellets that can be classified as innovations: new methods of
flow measurement in pipes, a bio filter placed in subsurface drains, classifying
flow resistance in natural streams, and a different type like - use hurricane Katrina’s
experience to emphasize that a billion dollar of investment will safeguard 100’s
of billions of dollars in damage prevention. Hence, if we classify the
potential damage in areas and link this to the investment in
research needs and propose preventative measures, we may find a more willing
ear at political levels to spend money on improved drainage
water management.
Acknowledgements
The
workshop was very well organized and both the national committees (FINCID and
ESTCID) deserve heartfelt congratulations.
It was a
great honour to have the renowned keynote speakers
viz., Pres. Hon. Prof. Bart Schultz (The Netherlands), Vice Pres.
Dr.-Ing -Eiko Lübbe
(Germany), Vice Pres. Hon. Prof. Chandra Madramootoo
(Canada), Prof. Wayne Skaggs (USA),
Dr. Seppo
Rekolainen (Finland), and Dr. Willem F Vlotman
(Australia), besides the participation of Vice Pres. Prof. P Kovalenko (Ukraine) and Vice Pres. Hon. Dr. M H Amer (Egypt).
The organisers wish to thank the keynote speakers, the authors
of the papers and posters, the Scientific Committee for reviewing the papers,
and all the participants and organizations who made
the workshop a grand success. The workshop proceedings are available at <http://www.fincid.fi/julkaisut/
IDW2008_proceedings.pdf>. Rauno Peltomaa can be contacted at:
<rauno.peltomaa@salaojakeskus.fi>.